Stargardt Macular Degeneration

Behaviour

Blurry or distorted vision
Color vision difficulties
Light sensitivity
Preserved peripheral vision
Visual fatigue

Biomarkers

ABCA4 gene mutations
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
Fundus Autofluorescence (FAF)
Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO)

Pathology

Genetic basis
Lipofuscin accumulation
RPE dysfunction
Juvenile macular degeneration
Photoreceptor damage

Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP)

Behaviour

Progressive peripheral vision loss
Difficulty with mobility
Night blindness
Light sensitivity (photophobia)
Anxiety, depression, and feelings of isolation

Biomarkers

Fundus Autofluorescence (FAF)
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
Electroretinogram (ERG)
Visual field testing

Pathology

Photoreceptor cell death
Retinal pigment epithelial atrophy
Retinal pigment deposits
Rod-cone dystrophy

Diabetic Retinopathy

Behaviour

Blurred vision
Floaters
Distorted vision
Vision loss
Color vision changes

Biomarkers

HbA1c
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4)
Afamin (AFM)
Apolipoproteins

Pathology

Capillary microaneurysms
Retinal hemorrhages
Oxidative stress
Retinal hypoxia
Breakdown of the blood-retina barrier

Uveitis

Behaviour

Eye pain
Red eyes
Blurred vision
Sensitivity to light
Floaters

Biomarkers

Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
Cytokines: TNF-α, IL-17, IL-23, and IL-8
CRALBP, MDH
Thrombospondin (TSP-2)

Pathology

Cell injury
Cyclitic membrane
Immune response
Granulomatous and nongranulomatous
Adhesions

Geographic Atrophy (GA)

Behaviour

Progressive vision loss
Early symptoms may be subtle
Blurred or distorted central vision
Impact on daily activities: reading, driving
Reduced night vision

Biomarkers

CFH gene
LOC387715/ARMS2/HTRA1
C2, C3
Inflammatory cytokines: CRP

Pathology

Progression: RPE
Visual impact
Photoreceptor cells
Underlying mechanisms: genetic predisposition, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress

Diabetic macular edema (DME)

Behaviour

Progressive vision loss
Blurred vision
Color perception changes
Difficulty with glare
No pain

Biomarkers

Intraretinal fluid
SRF
Subretinal fluid (SRF)
Disorganization of the retinal inner layers (DRIL)

Pathology

Blood-retinal barrier breakdown
Hyperglycemia-induced damage
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
Pericyte loss
Oxidative stress

Glaucoma
(Open-Angle Glaucoma)

Behaviour

Stress
Eye pain or pressure
Headaches
Blurred vision, double vision
Red eye

Biomarkers

Aqueous humor proteins: OPN, MMP-9, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, IL-10
Crystallins, heat shock protein 60, HSP 90, myotrophin
VDAC2, PGAM1, and CALD1
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
Ankyrin-2

Pathology

Optic nerve damage
Trabecular meshwork abnormalities
Optic nerve cupping
Intraocular pressure (IOP)
Retinal ganglion cell death

Macular Degeneration (AMD - Age-related Macular Degeneration)

Behaviour

Difficulty reading
Frustration and anxiety
Social isolation
Distorted vision
Blind spots in central vision

Biomarkers

CFH
PLEKHA1/ARMS2/HtrA1 genes
SERPING1
COL8A1

Pathology

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)
Oxidative stress
Mitochondrial DNA damage
Complement attack

Hypertensive Retinopathy (HR)

Behaviour

Blurred or double vision
Reduced visual clarity
Headaches
Eye strain
Sudden vision loss

Biomarkers

Retinal vascular parameters
Ischemia modified albumin (IMA)
Serum uric acid
Microalbuminuria
Direct retinal observation

Pathology

Arteriolar changes
Arteriovenous (AV) nicking
Macular star
Stroke
Heart attack

Dry Eye Syndrome

Behaviour

Frequent blinking
Eye rubbing
Squinting
Eyelid discomfort
Blurred vision, redness

Biomarkers

Lactoferrin
Lysozyme
Tear Osmolarity
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)
Cytokines: IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6

Pathology

Tear film instability
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD)
Increased osmolarity
Decreased tear production
Ocular surface damage

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