Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Behaviour

Fatigue
Emotional changes: Depression, Anxiety, Irritability
Cognitive changes: Memory problems
Apathy, Disinhibition
Social isolation

Biomarkers

Oligoclonal bands (OCB)
Neurofilament light chain (NfL)
Kappand Lambda free light chains (κFLC, λFLC)
Human leukocytentigen (HLA)

Pathology

Lesions
Demyelination
Axonal degeneration
Glial scarring
Blood-brain barrier

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Behaviour

Reduced physical activity
Pain coping strategies
Depression and anxiety
Sleep disturbances
Social withdrawal

Biomarkers

14-3-3η protein
MBDA
Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (sTNFR2)
Non-coding RNA (ncRNA)

Pathology

Immune system involvement
Synovial inflammation
Joint damage
Systemic inflammation
Cartilage destruction

Asthma

Behaviour

Anxiety
Internalizing disorders
Medication non-adherence
Psychological interventions

Biomarkers

Blood eosinophils
Serum periostin
Serum EPX
ORMDL3

Pathology

Airway remodeling
Epithelial changes
Inflammatory changes
Vascular changes

Guillain-Barré syndrome

Behaviour

Muscle weakness
Reflex changes
Pain in the shoulder girdle, back
Sensory changes
Facial involvement: speaking, chewing, or swallowing.

Biomarkers

Myelin basic protein
Neurofilaments
Tau
Hypocretin-1
14-3-3 proteins
S100B

Pathology

Lesions
Myelin damage
Edema
Lymphocytes
Phagocytes
Schwann cell proliferation

Crohn’s disease - inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Behaviour

Stricturing
Penetrating
Anxiety and depression
Social isolation

Biomarkers

C-reactive protein (CRP)
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein (LRG)
Fecal calprotectin (FCP)

Pathology

Immune cell infiltration
Crypt architectural abnormalities
Epithelial damage
Mucin depletion
Basal inflammation

Lupus (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, SLE)

Behaviour

Fatigue
Mood swings
Irritability
Social withdrawal
Depression and anxiety
Cognitive difficulties

Biomarkers

Erythrocyte-bound complement activation product C4d (E-C4d)
Complement receptor 1(E-CR-1)
Platelet bound-C4d (P-C4d)
IL-6
IL-10
SIGLEC-1

Pathology

Immune system dysfunction
Autoimmune response
Autoantibodies
Tissue damage

Pneumonia

Behaviour

Cough
Fever
Difficult breathing
Tiredness
Chest pain

Biomarkers

Procalcitonin (PCT)
C-reactive protein (CRP)
Interleukin 6 (IL-6)
White blood cell (WBC) count

Pathology

Lobar pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia

Ulcerative colitis (UC)

Behaviour

Depression , Anxiety
Tense muscles
Rapid breathing
Increased heart rate
Dry mouth

Biomarkers

Leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein (LRG)
Fecal lactoferrin
High mobility group box one protein (HMGB1)
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
C-reactive protein (CRP)

Pathology

Epithelial barrier defects
Immune response
Microflora
Pseudopolyps

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Behaviour

Limited physical activity
Social withdrawal
Anxiety and depression
Medication adherence
Breathing patterns

Biomarkers

C-reactive protein (CRP)
Fibrinogen
Human neutrophil peptides (HNPs)
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)
Neutrophil elastase (NE)

Pathology

Emphysema
Inflammation
Airflow obstruction
Oxidative stress

Sjögren’s syndrome

Behaviour

Depression and anxiety
Sleep disturbances
Dry mouth and eyes
Joint pain
Poor concentration and memory problems

Biomarkers

Autoantibodies
Chemokines
Cytokines
TNFSF13B protein
IL-4, and IL-5.

Pathology

Immune cell infiltration
Glandular destruction
Lymphoma association
Autoantibody production
Genetic predisposition: HLA-DR3 and HLA-DQB1

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