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Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
Behaviour
- Aggressive growth
Widespread involvement
Variable symptoms: fatigue, weakness, fever, night sweats, loss of appetite.
Bone pain
Biomarkers
- FLT3 mutation: FLT3-ITD
Cytogenetics: t(8;21) or inv(16)
Molecular genetic testing: NPM1, CEBPA, ASXL1
MRD assessment
Pathology
- Genetic changes
Cell proliferation
Bone marrow failure
Cytopenias
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Behaviour
- Slow progression
Fatigue
Weight loss
Abdominal pain or swelling
Enlarged spleen or liver
Biomarkers
- TP53 disruption
NOTCH1 mutation
MYD88 mutation
SF3B1 mutation
ATM mutation
Pathology
- Cell type: CD5+CD23+ B cells
Genetic abnormalities
Microenvironment
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Behaviour
- Fever and chills
Swollen abdomen
Chest pain or pressure
Night sweats
Shortness of breath or cough
Unexplained weight loss
Biomarkers
- Serological markers : LDH, β2-MG, CA 125
Immunophenotypic markers :
1. CD19, CD20, CD22, CD79, and Pax-5: B-cell markers
2. CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, and CD8: T-cell markers
3. TIA-1, granzyme B, and perforin: Cytotoxic markers
4. CD10, Bcl-6, and LMO2: Germinal center markers
5. CD38 and CD138: Plasma cell markers
Pathology
- Cell origin
Histological patterns
Lymph nodes
Follicular lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)
Astrocytoma
Behaviour
- Headaches
Nausea and vomiting
Problems speaking
Feeling very tired or weak
Poor vision
Biomarkers
- Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA)
IDH mutations
MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
Liquid biopsies
Pathology
- Low-grade astrocytomas
Pilocytic astrocytomas
IDH mutant astrocytomas
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
Behaviour
- Rapid progression
Fatigue and weakness
Easy bruising and bleeding
Swollen lymph nodes
Bone pain
Biomarkers
- Immunophenotypic markers: CD3, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD24, CD79a
Chromosomal abnormalities: t(12;21)/ ETV6-RUNX1, t(17;19)/, t(9;22)/
Other biomarkers: CD34, CD38, TNF-α, Livin
Pathology
- Affects B or T lymphocytes
Cell development
Bone marrow
Blood
Organs
Multiple Myeloma
Behaviour
- Confusion
Weakness
Mood changes
Fatigue
Bone pain
Biomarkers
- Monoclonal protein biomarkers
Imaging biomarkers
Genetic aberrations
miRNAs
Pathology
- Bone destruction
Hypercalcemia
Paraprotein
Immunodeficiency
Anemia
Bone marrow failure
Glioblastoma (GBM)
Behaviour
- Depression and anxiety
Social withdrawal
Loss of inhibitions
Fatigue
Muscle weakness or balance issues
Biomarkers
- IDH1/2 mutations
PD-L1 expression
TERT promoter mutations
CD4+ T-cell compartment
Serum GFAP
Pathology
- Cellular pleomorphism
Necrosis pattern
Microvascular proliferation
Infiltrative growth
Nuclear atypia
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
Behaviour
- Fatigue
Weight loss
Night sweats
Bone pain
High fever
Biomarkers
- Detection method: BCR-ABL1 fusion gene.
Clinical significance: TKIs
Philadelphia chromosome
Pathology
- Philadelphia chromosome
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)
Phases: chronic, accelerated, and blast
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Behaviour
- Fever
Night sweats
Unexplained weight loss
Itchy skin, especially after drinking alcohol
Fatigue
Biomarkers
- TARC
CD163
CD30
ctDNA
PET scans
Pathology
- Characteristic cells
Cellular origin
Microenvironment
Nodular Sclerosis
Mixed Cellularity
Lymphocyte Depleted
Medulloblastoma
Behaviour
- Fatigue and lack of energy
Nausea and vomiting
Hearing loss
Neck tilt or double vision
Seizures
Biomarkers
- SPRIGHTLY
CD271
SNCA
CADH1
FGFR4
FIBB
Pathology
- WNT pathway: CTNNB1
Non-WNT/non-SHH
Cell appearance
Rosettes
Medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity (MBEN)
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