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Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)
Behaviour
- Fatigue
Upper right abdominal pain
Itching
Easy bruising and bleeding
Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes)
Biomarkers
- cytokeratin-18 (CK-18)
Limitations of single biomarkers
Adiponectin
FGF21
Oxidative stress markers
Pathology
- Steatosis
Ballooning degeneration
Oxidative stress
Mallory-Denk bodies
Insulin resistance
Lipotoxicity
Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC)
Behaviour
- Extreme fatigue
Pruritus (itching)
Jaundice in advanced stages
Dry eyes and mouth
Bone pain
Biomarkers
- Anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA)
Anti-sp100, anti-gp210
ALP- alkaline phosphatase
GGT - gamma-glutamyl transferase
Anti-kelch-like 12 (KLHL12) and anti-hexokinase 1 (HK1)
Pathology
- Immune-mediated bile duct destruction
Florid duct lesions
Bile duct loss (ductopenia)
Portal tract inflammation
Minimal lobular inflammation
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Behaviour
- Weight loss
Loss of appetite
Fatigue
Abdominal pain and swelling
Vomiting blood or passing blood in stools
Biomarkers
- AST to ALT ratio
GGT
CDT
MCV
Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1 (SCD1)
Pathology
- Fatty liver
Alcoholic hepatitis
Alcoholic cirrhosis
Liver Cirrhosis & Fibrosis
Behaviour
- Gradual Progression
Asymptomatic Early Stages
Impact on Liver Function
Nodule Formation
Complication Development
Biomarkers
- Hyaluronic Acid (HA)
TIMP-1
Prothrombin Time (PT)
Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) Score
Type IV Collagen
Pathology
- Mechanism
Progression
Microscopic features
Clinical presentation
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Behaviour
- Dietary habits: fat, sugar
Stress
Excessive calorie intake
Low levels of physical activity
Poor sleep habits
Biomarkers
- Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
Micro-RNA 29a
Micro-RNA 375
Pathology
- Insulin resistance
Lipid accumulation
Fibrosis
Gut microbiota
Western diet
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)
Behaviour
- Asymptomatic onset
Insidious progression
Fluctuating symptoms
Fatigue
Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes)
Biomarkers
- aANCA
PR3-ANCA
sVAP-1
Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF)
Liver enzymes
Pathology
- Fibrosis
Bile duct injury
Bile duct proliferation
Arterial fibrointimal hyperplasia
Bile duct scars
Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH)
Behaviour
- Fatigue
Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes)
Abdominal pain
Joint pain
Dark urine and pale stools
Biomarkers
- HE4
Immunoglobulin G (IgG), 6‐thioguanine (6‐TG)
Sp100
Anti-liver-kidney microsome type 1 (anti-LKM1)
Anti-soluble liver antigen (SLA)
Pathology
- Interface hepatitis
Lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates
Necroinflammatory lesions
Lobules
Portal tracts
Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM)
Behaviour
- Dietary inconsistency
Lack of physical activity
Mood swings
Depression and anxiety
Denial or resistance to treatment
Biomarkers
- Blood glucose
HbA1c
1,5-Anhydroglucitol
Amino acids
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist
Pathology
- Insulin secretion
Insulin resistance
Liver function
Beta-cell function
Obesity
Behaviour
- Eating large portions
Lack of Sleep
Stress
Vomiting
Consuming a lot of sugary drinks
Biomarkers
- IGFBP1
IGFBP2
TNFa
PAI1
Leptin
Pathology
- Energy balance
Body weight set point
Adipokines
Adipose tissue
Wilson’s Disease
Behaviour
- Irritability, aggression
Anxiety, Depression, mood swings
Rigid muscles
Problems with balance and walking
Yellow skin (jaundice)
Biomarkers
- Serum ceruloplasmin
Neurofilament light chain (NfL)
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
Exchangeable copper (CuEXC)
Bilirubin
Pathology
- Fatty degeneration
Glycogenated nuclei
Ballooning degeneration
Kayser-Fleischer rings
Hemolytic anemia
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